THE CONCEPT AND TYPES OF PROPERTY NATIONALIZATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/2409-4544/2024-2/6Keywords:
nationalization, expropriation, confiscation, martial law, war, ECHR, judicial practice, ownership, propertyAbstract
The article deals with consideration of juridical nature of nationalization as the way of ownership transfer as well as with the analysis of the causes and aim of nationalization. Researching the issue the authors are turning to the scientific literature as well as to the practice of the European Court of Human Rights. The feature of the “war nationalizations” and nationalization of the peace time are determined. It is concluded that nationalization is an inseparable satellite of the institute of ownership genesis, which determines the issue of balance between private and public interests and is the important juridical and economic mechanism of its provision. The authors state that the term “nationalization” nominates almost every kind of ownership right transfer from the private person (natural person or legal entity) to state. At the same time the nationalization can be differentiated by the criterion of coercion into forced and voluntary. The forced nationalizations is carried out despite of the owner`s will while the voluntary nationalization is carried out by the owner`s initiative. The forced nationalizations at the same time can be divided by the criterion of compensation into the confiscation (non-compensatory nationalization), that provides as a rule as the punishment for illegal behavior and into the expropriation that is the compensatory ownership right transfer to the state. Nationalizations that are committed with no compensation for owner and at the same time are not the punishment of the person are illegal in modern conditions. Voluntary nationalizations can be differentiated by the criterion of compensation in to the altruistic (non-compensatory) nationalizations and commercial (compensatory) nationalizations. At the same time by the criterion of the circumstances and the aim the nationalizations can be divided into the: 1) non-military nationalizations of peace time; 2) non-military nationalizations of war time; 3) military nationalizations of peace time; 4) military nationalizations of war time.
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